Перевод: с исландского на английский

с английского на исландский

to struggle

  • 1 brjótast (um/út úr)

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > brjótast (um/út úr)

  • 2 brjótast um

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > brjótast um

  • 3 skrimta, basla

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > skrimta, basla

  • 4 stríîa, berjast viî

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > stríîa, berjast viî

  • 5 BRJÓTA

    * * *
    (brýt; braut, brutum; brotinn), v.
    brjóta fót sinn, to break one’s leg;
    brjóta tennr ór höfði manns, to break the teelh out of the head;
    brjóta mann um stein, to break a man on a stone;
    brjóta e-n í hjóli, to break on the wheel;
    2) to break open (brjóta haug, búr);
    3) to destroy, demolish (brjóta hof, skurðgoð, kastala);
    brjóta skip, to break one’s ship, be shipwrecked;
    4) to break, violate, transgress (brjóta heit, lög);
    en þér konungr brutuð lög á Agli, you broke the law in Egil’s case;
    5) to force, compel (brjóta menn til kristni);
    brjóta e-n til hlýðni, to force to submission;
    6) in various fig. phrases;
    brjóta odd af oflæti sínu, to break the point of one’s pride, to humble oneself;
    brjóta straum fyrir e-m, to break the stream before one, to bear the brunt of battle;
    7) with preps.:
    brjóta af brúna, to break off the bridge;
    brjóta af við e-n, to wrong one;
    brjóta á bak, to force or drive back (brjóta fylking á bak);
    to neglect, disregard (brjóta á bak ráð e-s);
    brjóta niðr, to demolish, break down (brjóta niðr hús);
    brjóta niðr blótskap, villu, to put down, abolish;
    brjóta sik niðr við jörðu, to bow down to the earth;
    brjóta saman, to fold (brjóta saman skikkju);
    to unite (brjóta saman et forna lögmál ok nýja);
    brjóta sundr, í sundr, to break asunder (brjóta sundr silfrker);
    to unfold (clothes);
    brjóta (land, þjóð) undir sik, to subdue;
    brjóta upp, to break up (þeir brutu upp þilit);
    to force or break open (brjóta upp hurð, búr, kirkju, bréf);
    to unpack (brjóta upp gersemar sínar);
    brjóta upp vistir, to bring out the victuals (for the mess);
    brjóta upp vápn, to get out the weapons, prepare for battle;
    8) refl., brjótast á e-t, to break in upon;
    Önundr brauzt á hurðina, tried to break in the door;
    brjótast á milli, to break out between;
    brjótast fram, to break forth;
    brjótast í haug, to break into a cairn;
    brjótast í e-u, to exert oneself in a thing;
    þessi maðr brýzt í miklu ofrefli, struggles against great odds;
    brjótast um, to make a hard struggle (björn brauzt um í vök);
    brjótast við ofrefli, to fight against odds;
    brjótast við borgargørðina, to exert oneself in making the burg;
    brjótast við e-u, to struggle against (brjótast við forlögunum, gæfu sinni);
    9) impers. in a passive sense;
    skipit (acc.) braut í spán, the ship was broken to pieces;
    þá braut kirkju (acc.), the church was blown down;
    strauminn braut á öxlinni, the current broke against his shoulder.
    * * *
    pret. braut; 2nd pers. brautt is obsolete; commonly brauzt or brauztu, Ó. H. 24 (in a verse), Fms. vi. 139 (in a verse of A. D. 1050); pl. brutu; sup. brotið; pres. brýt: [this word does not occur in Ulf. and is unknown in Germ.; the A. S. has breâtan, breôtan, but rarely and in the sense to destroy, demolish: but the Scandin. dialects all have it; Swed. bryta; Dan. bryde; whereas the Goth. braican, Germ. brechen, Engl. break are unknown to the Scandin. idioms. Du Cange records a Latin-Spanish britare = destruere; it is therefore likely that it came into Spain with the Goths, although Ulfilas does not use it]:—to break; with acc., Nj. 64, Bs. i. 346; þeir brutu báða fótleggi í honum, Hom. 115; sumir brutu ( hurt) hendr sínar, sumir fætr, Bs. i. 10; ef maðr brýtr tennr or höfði manns, Grág. ii. 11; hvárz þat er höggit, eðr brotið, cut or broken, id.; þeir kómu við sker ok brutu stýri, Fms. ix. 307; Þormóðr kvað betra at róa minna ok brjóta ekki, Grett. ch. 50: phrases as, b. á bak, to break the back, Fms. vii. 119; á háls, the neck, Vígl. 21; b. í hjóli (hveli), to break on the wheel, of capital punishment, Fms. xi. 372, Hom. 147; í þeim hring stendr Þórs steinn, er þeir menn vóru brotnir um ( on which the men were broken) er til blóta vóru hafðir, Eb. 26.
    2. denoting to destroy, demolish; b. skurðgoð, Fms. x. 277, Bs. i. 10; þeir höfðu brotið hof en kristnað land, Fms. i. 32; Valgarðr braut krossa fyrir Merði ok öll heilög tákn, Nj. 167.
    β. b. skip, to shipwreck (skip-brot); brutu þar skipit allt í span, Nj. 282, Ld. 8, Landn. 149: absol., hón kom á Vikarsskeið, ok braut þar, 110: nú er á ( a river) brýtr af annars manns landi, Gþl. 419; cp. land-brot.
    3. adding prepp.; niðr, sundr, af, upp, to break down, asunder, off, or the like; sá er niðr braut alla Jerusalem, 673. 51; b. niðr blótskap, Fms. iii. 165, viii. (pref.); brutu þá Baglar af brúna, B. broke the bridge off, x. 331; b. sundr, ix. 482; b. upp, to break up; þeir brutu upp þilit, Eg. 235; þeir brutu upp búr hans (of burglars), 593; b. upp kirkju, Fms. ix. 12; b. upp hlið, to break up a fence, K. Þ. K. 84.
    β. b. upp, to break up a package, unpack; brýtr hann nú upp gersemar sínar, Fær. 6:—as a naut. term, b. upp means to bring out victuals for the mess, Dan. bakke op; jarl ok hans menn b. upp vistir ok setjast til matar, Fms. xi. 147: milit., b. upp vápn means to take arms, prepare for battle (in a sea fight); brjóta upp vápn sín ok berjask, Fær. 85; menn brutu upp um annan öll vápn, Fms. vi. 313 (in a verse).
    γ. b. or b. saman, to fold (clothes or the like); b. sundr, to unfold, Nj. 171: in mod. usage also b. bréf, to fold a letter (hence brot, to denote the size of a book); b. upp bréf, to break a letter open, Barl. 181; b. blað, to fold down a leaf in a book, etc.; b. út, to break ( a channel) through, Landn. 65 (of a river); þá var út brotinn óssinn, Bs. i. 315.
    4. various metaph. phrases; b. bág við, to fight, v. bágr, Fas. i. 43; b. odd af oflæti sínu, to break the point off one’s pride, to humble oneself, Nj. 94 (where to disgrace oneself); b. straum fyrir e-u, to break the stream for one, metaphor from a post or rock in a stream, to bear the brunt of battle, Orkn. 344; b. bekrann, vide bekri, Grett.
    5. metaph. to break, violate, lög, rétt, etc.; mun ek þó eigi fyrir þínar sakir brjóta lögin né konungs tignina, eða svá landsréttinn, Fms. iv. 263; en þér, konungr, brutuð lög á Agli, you broke the law in Egil’s case, Eg. 416, Fms. x. 401; at þú brjótir lög þín, xi. 93; engi skyídi annars ráð brjóta, Bret.; b. á bak, to infringe, Fas. i. 528 (cp. lög-brot, laga-brot); b. af við e-n, to wrong one, iii. 551: in theol. sense, H. E. i. 460 (vide af-brot, mis-brot, crime, sin): absol. to transgress, brjóta þau ok bæði, ok göra hórdóm, K. Á. 134.
    β. denoting force, to force, compel; b. menn til Kristni, Ld. 178, Fms. i. 142; til trúar, Fs. 98; til hlýðni, to force to submission; allt landsfólk var undir brotið ríki þeirra, all people were brought under their rule, Fms. iv. 64; hón er í hernaði ok brýtr undir sik víkinga, Odd. 22; b. konu til svefnis, a law term, violare, Grág. i. 338.
    II. reflex., with prepp. í, ór, um, út, við, or adv. braut; brjótask, to break in, out, etc.; hann brauzk í haug Hrólfs Kraka, Landn. 169; brjótumk vér þá burt ór húsinu, to break out of the house, Fas. i. 88; brjótask á, to break in upon, press; Önundr brauzk á hurðina, Onund tried to break in the door, Fs. 101, Fms. vii. 187; b. fram, to break forth, Bb.; b. milli, to break out between, Bs. i. 634; b. út, to break out, esp. in the metaph. sense of plague, disease, fire, or the like; er út brýzk vökvi ok úhreinindi, Greg. 22 (út-brot, a breaking out, eruption); b. um, to make a hard struggle (e. g. of one fettered or pinioned); því harðara er hann brauzk um, Edda 20; björn einn brauzk um í vök, Fs. 146; af ofrgangi elds þess er um brýtsk ( rages) í grundvöllum landsins, Sks. 151; b. við e-t, to struggle ( wrestle) hard against; þeir brutusk við skóga eðr stóra steina, of enraged berserkers, Fas. i. 515: metaph. to fight hard against, hann brauzk við heiðinn lýð, Fms. xi. 396; b. við ofrefli, to fight against odds, Ísl. ii. 394: absol. to strive hard, Stj. 411; Hákoni jarli var ekki mikit um at b. við borgargörðina, Haco did not care to exert himself much about making the burg, Fms. ix. 46: with dat., b. við e-u, to fight against (in a bad sense); b. við gæfu sinni, to break with one’s good luck, iv. 233; b. við forlögunum, to struggle against fate, Fs. 20; b. í e-u, to be busy, exert oneself in a thing; eigi þarftú í þessu at brjótask lengr, i. e. give it up, Fms. iii. 102; því at þessi maðr Ólafr brýzk í miklu ofrefli, this man Olave struggles against great odds, iv. 77.
    2. recipr., þeir rérust svá nær, at brutusk árarnar fyrir, that they broke one another’s oars, Fms. viii. 216.
    III. impers. in a pass. sense; skipit (acc.) braut í spán, the ship was broken to pieces, Ld. 142; skip Þangbrands braut austr við Búlandshöfða, Nj. 162; tók út skip Þangbrands ok braut mjök, Bs. i. 15: of a house, or the like, destroyed by wind or wave, þá braut kirkju (acc.), the church was blown down, 30: the phrase, straum (acc.) brýtr á skeri, the stream is broken against a skerry ( rock); strauminn braut á öxlinni, the stream broke against his shoulders, Grett. 140 (the new Ed.), the old Ed. straumrinn—not so well; lá (acc.) brýtr, the surf breaks, abates, Edda (Ht. verse 78).
    IV. part. brotinn, broken; sverð slæ ok brotin, Hkr. i. 343: as adj. in such compds as fót-brotinn, væng-brotinn, háls-brotinn, hrygg-brotinn, etc., with broken leg, wing, etc.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > BRJÓTA

  • 6 ÞRAUT

    I) (pl. -ir), f. hard strugggle, great exertion, labour, hard task (ek mun láta þik vinna til ráðahags þessa þrautir nökkurar);
    þola þrautir, to suffer hardshps;
    gera þraut til e-s, to try hard;
    berjast til þrautar, to fight to the end.
    II) from þrjóta.
    * * *
    f. a struggle, great exertion, labour, hard task; þú sel manninn fram, ok lát mik eigi þurfa þraut til, Ld. 44; leggit á mik nokkura yfirbót eða þraut, Fms. i. 119; svá mikla þraut at leiða mikit lið í orrostuna aptr, x. 371; þola þrautir, Al. 92, Sks. 23 new Ed.; göra þraut til e-s, to try hard: ok mun ek nú eigi optarr þraut til göra, Lv. 69: in legends (such as that of Hercules) the labour or ‘task’ to be performed is called þraut, Bret. 22, 24; nú mun ek göra sem fornir menn, at ek mun láta þik vinna til ráða-hags þessa þrautir nökkurar, Eb. 132; leggja þraut fyrir e-n; thus, e. g. the twelve labours of Hercules are ‘þrautir.’
    II. with prepp.; í þraut, in or with a desperate struggle, in the end, finally; ódrjúgr í allar þrautir, opp. to ‘í fyrstunni,’ Fms. viii. 134; öruggr í allri þraut, i. 305; hann gékk undan þeim í þraut, Eb. 320; at vísa djöflum til þrautar við mik, Fms. i. 305; eigi munu vér sigrask á þeim til þrautar, Fær. 75; berjask til þrautar, to fight to the end, Fas. ii. 535. Hkr. iii. 90, Fms. vi. 256. þrautar-laust, n. adj. without a struggle, easily, Fms. ii. 268, vi. 160.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > ÞRAUT

  • 7 KIPPA

    I)
    (-ta, -t), v. to pull, snatch, draw quickly (Egill kipti at sér sverð-inu); hann kippir mönnum at sér, he gets men together; kippa ofan seglinu, to pull the sail down; impers., e-m kippir í kyn (um e-t), one resembles his kinsmen (in something);
    refl., kippast um e-t, to struggle with one another about a thing; kippa við, to make a sudden motion (kippist hann svá hart við, at jörð öll skelfr).
    f. bundle, string (of).
    * * *
    t and ð, [Scot. to kip, see Jamies.]:—with dat. to pull or snatch; hann kipði honum upp at pallinum, Ó. H. 95; þá tók konungr í hár sveininum ok kipði, 63; k. bryggjum af landi. to pull in the gangways before weighing anchor, Fms. x. 286; kippa af (kippa út) þeirri bryggjunni, er þar var í meðal skipanna, i. 158; kippa ofan seglinu, to pull the sail down, Bs. i. 422; k. skóm á fætr sér, to slip on shoes, Nj. 28; Egill kipti at sér sverðinu, E. drew the sword in, Eg. 379; hann kippir mönnum at sér, he gets men together, Ld. 64; Guð kipti honum frá riki …, Sks. 714; k. aptr orðum sínum, to retract one’s words, 680; má því engu upp kippa, it cannot be retracted, 655 xx. 6.
    II. impers., in the phrase, e-m kippir í kyn um e-t, ‘to turn into one’s kin’ (= bregða í kyn), to be ‘a chip of the old block,’ resemble one’s kinsman; er þat eigi örvænt at honum kippi í kyn, Glúm. 346; at honum mundi í kyn kippa um údælleik, Sturl. i. 15; vera má at oss Íslendingum kippi í kyn, þó at vér gangim heldr fyrir blíðu en stríðu, Fms. ii, 34.
    III. reflex., kippask, to pull, tug; kippask um e-t, to ‘pull caps,’ struggle with one another about a thing; kippask þeir um lengi, Sturl. i. 15; þau öll kiptusk þá enn um Noreg, Fms. x. 390; nú er eigi allhóglegt at kippask um við hann, vi. 274; þar til kippask þau um kertið at þat stökk sundr í miðju, Mar.
    2. kippask við, to make a sudden motion, quiver convulsively; en meðan drýpr eitrið í andlit honum, þá kippisk hann svá hart við at jörð öll skelfr, Edda 40; þá at eins sá menn at Gísli kiptisk við ok þó litt, Fms. vii. 35.
    3. recipr., Eindriði segir, at þeir hefði sannlega kippsk ( struggled) nokkut svá, er hann vildi eigi at þeir hefði ferju-skipit, Bs. i. 709.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > KIPPA

  • 8 KNÝJA

    * * *
    (kný, knýða or knúða, knúinn), v.
    1) to knock; hann knúði hurðina, he knocked at the door;
    2) to press, drive onward (þeir knúðu fast árar með stórum bakföllum); to push, urge on (hann gat varla fylgt henni, svá knúði hón fast reiðina);
    3) refl. to struggle on, press on; því harðara er Þórr knúðist at fanginu, því fastara stóð hón, the more Thor exerted himself, the firmer she stood.
    * * *
    pres. knýr, pl. knýjum; pret. knýði and knúði; part. pass. knúinn: [Scot. know, knusc, = to press down with the fists and knees; Swed. knoga; Dan. knuge]:—to knock, press; tvær kistur fullar af gulli, svá at eigi máttu tveir menn meira k. (carry?), Fms. xi. 24; knýið á, ok mun fyrir yðr upp lokið verða, Matth. vii. 7; hann knúði hurðina, he knocked at the door, Fms. vi. 122; knýr hausmagi hurð, bróðir, ok knýr heldr fast, Grett. 154; eptir þat knýja þeir þar á ofan stórt grjót, Fas. ii. 508:—to press, knýr hann þá þar til er þeir segja, Bs. ii. 227; páfinn knýr hann at eiðstafnum, 52; þeir knúðu fast árar með stórum bakföllum, Fas. i. 214; hann staðfestisk fyrir hellis-dyrum, knýði fast ok kallaði, Barl. 199; kný hann fast ok mæl þetta, … ok í því er Einarr var knúinn, Fms. vi. 280.
    2. esp. in poetry, to press on, urge onwards; hann gat varia fylgt henni, svá knúði hón fast reiðina, Ld. 138; knyja merki, vexilla proferre, Fms. vi. 87 (in a verse); knýja vé, id., Orkn.; skúr knýði snekkju brand frá landi, Fms. vi. 134; sverðálfr knýði lagar stóð sunnan, Ht.; þeir knýðu blá borð, Sighvat; ormr knýr unnir, Vsp. 50; Ólafr knýr Vísund (the ship) norðan, Ó. H. (in a verse); knýja bardaga = bellum gerere, Lex. Poët.; kappar knúðu hildi, Fas. ii. 276 (in a verse); knýja flótta, to press on the flying, Fms. x. 424 (, in a verse); haus knýr hjarðar vísi, Eb. (in a verse).
    II. reflex. to struggle on, press on; því harðara er Þórr knúðisk at fanginu, Edda 33; knýjask þeir at víginu, Bret.; hann laust fjötrinum í jörðina ok knúðisk fast at, spyrnir við, braut fjöturinn, Edda i. 108; knýjask þeir fast, ok verðr brak mikit um þá, Grett. 107; knúðusk Baglar þá á eptir, Fb. ii. 659; ok með þessari ætlan knúðisk fram alþýðan, Fms. xi. 269; lendir menn eggjuðu lið sitt, ok knúðusk til framgöngu, Ó. H. 216.
    2. part. knúinn, hard driven, hard pressed; til knúinn af þessi nauðsyn, Stj. 450; til knúinn af Guðs hálfu, Bs. ii. 38, freq. in prose.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > KNÝJA

  • 9 sperra

    * * *
    (-ða, -ðr), v. to stretch out (s. frá sér fœtr);
    refl., sperrast við, to struggle against (gengu þeir á brott með hana, en hón sperrðist við).
    * * *
    1.
    u, f. [Engl. spar], a spar, rafter, of a roof.
    COMPDS: sperrileggr, sperrutær, sperruvegr.
    2.
    ð and t, to raise the spars in a house, D. N. i. 477.
    2. to stretch out the legs like rafters; hrossit sýktisk ok sperrði frá sér fætr, Bs. i. 614.
    II. reflex. to struggle by putting the feet out like spars; hann sperrisk við fast í sætinu, Th. 76; siðan gengu þeir á land, en hón sperrðisk við, ok tók annarr í hár henni ok leiddi hana, Sd. 185: upp spertr, strutted (better stertr), Hrafn. 18.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > sperra

  • 10 STAFN

    (-s, -ar), m.
    1) the stem of a ship, esp. the prow; stafna á meðal, með stöfnum, from stem to stern; hafa e-t fyrir stafni, to be engaged in a work; berjast um stafna, to fight stem to stem; deila um s. við e-n, to have a hard struggle with one;
    2) gable-end (of a building).
    * * *
    and stamn, m. [A. S. stefn; Engl. stem; Dan. stavn]:— the stem of a ship (prow or stern); stafna á meðal, from stem to stern, Fms. i. 278; hann hjó stafna af skipi sinu, vii. 215; áðr stamnar sé seymdir við kjöl, N. G. L. i. 101; fram-s., the fore-stem = the prow; aptr-s., the ‘aft-stem’ = the stern; hvárn-tveggja stafn, Bs. i. 146; varð þeim litið aptr um stafn, Fms. x. 226; fló hann aptr um stafn: esp. of the stem or prow, iv. 57, vi. 78, Eg. 32: the phrase, fyrir stafni, ahead, Sks. 223: and metaph., hafa e-t fyrir stafni, to aim at, be engaged in a work. Fms. iii. 102; þessa iðn hefir hann nú fyrir stafni. Band. 1: berjask um stafna, to fight stem to stem, Fms. i. 93, vi. 76; deila um stafn við e-n, to have a hard struggle with one, Orkn, 232: the gable-end of a building, þykkir mér sem undan sé báðir stafnarnir, Nj. 197. v. l.
    B. COMPDS: stafnbúi, stafngláma, stafngluggr, stafnhaf, stafnhár, stafnhvíla, stafnlag, stafnleggja, stafnlé, stafnlok, stafnrekkja, stafnsveit, stafnsæng, stafntjald.

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  • 11 stím

    n. a struggle, Skáld H. 7. 44; in stíma-brak, n. a hard struggle, hard tug, Bjarni 138.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > stím

  • 12 ÞÓF

    n.
    1) crowding, thronging, pressing; leiðist mér þóf þetta, this crowding wearies me;
    2) wearisome, endless struggle (þar kemr enn þófinu, at).
    * * *
    n. a beating or thickening of cloth; Bárðr minn á Jökli leggstu á þófið mitt, Ísl. Þjóðs., and freq. in mod. usage.
    II. metaph. a wearisome, endless struggle; leiðisk mér þóf þetta, Nj. 92, Sturl. i. 101, Grett. 134; þar kemr enn þófinu, at …, Fms. xi. 429, Grett.

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  • 13 afls-munr

    m. odds, superiority of strength, esp. in the phrase, kenna aflsmunar, where there is a short struggle, the one being soon overcome, Eb. 182, Eg. 508, Hkr. i. 286:
    β. kenna aflsmuna = kosta afls, to exert oneself to the utmost; varð hann at kenna a. (to exert the whole of his strength) áðr hann kæmi honum undir, Eb. 172.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > afls-munr

  • 14 and-óf

    n. prob. = and-þóf, prop. a paddling with the oars, so as to bring the boat to lie against wind and stream. Metaph., við nokkuru andófi, after a somewhat hard struggle, Fbr. 84.
    2. a division in a ship, fremsta rúm í skipi kallast a., Fél. ix. 3.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > and-óf

  • 15 Á

    * * *
    a negative suffix to verbs, not;
    era útmakligt, at it is not unmeet that.
    * * *
    1.
    á, prep., often used elliptically, or even adverbially, [Goth. ana; Engl. on; Germ. an. In the Scandinavian idioms the liquid n is absorbed. In English the same has been supposed to happen in adverbial phrases, e. g. ‘along, away, abroad, afoot, again, agate, ahead, aloft, alone, askew, aside, astray, awry,’ etc. It is indeed true that the Ormulum in its northern dialect freq. uses o, even in common phrases, such as ‘o boke, o land, o life, o slæpe, o strande, o write, o naht, o loft,’ etc., v. the glossary; and we may compare on foot and afoot, on sleep (Engl. Vers. of Bible) and asleep; A. S. a-butan and on-butan (about); agen and ongean (again, against); on bæc, aback; on life, alive; on middan, amid. But it is more than likely that in the expressions quoted above, as well as in numberless others, as well in old as in modern English, the English a- as well as the o- of the Ormulum and the modern Scottish and north of England o- are in reality remains of this very á pronounced au or ow, which was brought by the Scandinavian settlers into the north of England. In the struggle for supremacy between the English dialects after the Conquest, the Scandinavian form á or a won the day in many cases to the exclusion of the Anglo-Saxon on. Some of these adverbs have representatives only in the Scandinavian tongues, not in Anglo-Saxon; see below, with dat. B. II, C. VII; with acc. C. I. and VI. The prep. á denotes the surface or outside; í and ór the inside; at, til, and frá, nearness measured to or from an object: á thus answers to the Gr. επί; the Lat. in includes á and i together.]
    With dat. and acc.: in the first case with the notion of remaining on a place, answering to Lat. in with abl.; in the last with the notion of motion to the place, = Lat. in with acc.
    WITH DAT.
    A. Loc.
    I. generally on, upon; á gólfi, on the floor, Nj. 2; á hendi, on the hand (of a ring), 48, 225; á palli, 50; á steini, 108; á vegg, 115; á sjá ok á landi, on sea and land. In some instances the distinction between d and i is loose and wavering, but in most cases common sense and usage decide; thus ‘á bók’ merely denotes the letters, the penmanship, ‘í’ the contents of a book; mod. usage, however, prefers ‘í,’ lesa í bók, but stafr á bók. Old writers on the other hand; á bókum Enskum, in English books, Landn. 24, but í Aldafars bók, 23 (in the book De Mensurâ Temporum, by Bede), cp. Grág. i. 76, where á is a false reading instead of at; á bréfi, the contents of a letter: of clothing or arms, mítr á höfði, sverð á hlið, mitre on head, sword on side, Fms. i. 266, viii. 404; hafa lykil á sér, on one’s person, 655 xxvii. 22; möttull á tyglum, a mantle hanging on (i. e. fastened by) laces, Fms. vii. 201: á þingi means to be present at a meeting; í þingi, to abide within a jurisdiction; á himni, á jörðu, on (Engl. in) heaven and earth, e. g. in the Lord’s Prayer, but í helviti, in hell; á Gimli, Edda (of a heavenly abode); á báti, á skipi denote crew and cargo, ‘í’ the timber or materials of which a ship is built, Eg. 385; vera í stafni á skipi, 177: á skógi, to be abroad in a wood (of a hunter, robber, deer); but to be situated (a house), at work (to fell timber), í skógi, 573, Fs. 5, Fms. iii. 122, viii. 31, xi. 1, Glúm. 330, Landn. 173; á mörkinni, Fms. i. 8, but í mörk, of a farm; á firðinum means lying in a firth, of ships or islands (on the surface of the water), þær eyjar liggja á Breiðafirði, Ld. 36; but í firði, living in a district named Firth; á landi, Nj. 98, Fms. xi. 386.
    II. á is commonly used in connection with the pr. names or countries terminating in ‘land,’ Engl. in, á Englandi, Írlandi, Skotlandi, Bretlandi, Saxlandi, Vindlandi, Vínlandi, Grænalandi, Íslandi, Hálogalandi, Rogalandi, Jótlandi, Frakklandi, Hjaltlandi, Jamtalandi, Hvítramannalandi, Norðrlöndum, etc., vide Landn. and the index to Fms. xii. In old writers í is here very rare, in modern authors more frequent; taste and the context in many instances decide. An Icelander would now say, speaking of the queen or king, ‘á Englandi,’ ruling over, but to live ‘í Englandi,’ or ‘á Englandi;’ the rule in the last case not being quite fixed.
    2. in connection with other names of countries: á Mæri, Vörs, Ögðum, Fjölum, all districts of Norway, v. Landn.; á Mýrum (in Icel.), á Finnmörk, Landn., á Fjóni (a Danish island); but í Danmörk, Svíþjóð (á Svíþjóðu is poët., Gs. 13).
    3. before Icel. farms denoting open and elevated slopes and spaces (not too high, because then ‘at’ must be used), such as ‘staðr, völlr, ból, hjalli, bakki, heimr, eyri,’ etc.; á Veggjum, Landn. 69; á Hólmlátri, id.: those ending in ‘-staðr,’ á Geirmundarstöðum, Þórisstöðum, Jarðlangsstöðum…, Landn.: ‘-völlr,’ á Möðruvöllum: á Fitjum (the farm) í Storð (the island), í Fenhring (the island) á Aski (the farm), Landn., Eg.: ‘-nes’ sometimes takes á, sometimes í (in mod. usage always ‘í’), á Nesi, Eb. 14, or í Krossnesi, 30; in the last case the notion of island, νησος, prevails: so also, ‘fjörðr,’ as, þeir börðust á Vigrafirði (of a fight o n the ice), Landn. 101, but orusta í Hafrsfirði, 122: with ‘-bær,’ á is used in the sense of a farm or estate, hón sa á e-m bæ mikit hús ok fagrt, Edda 22; ‘í bæ’ means within doors, of the buildings: with ‘Bær’ as pr. name Landn. uses ‘í,’ 71, 160, 257, 309, 332.
    4. denoting on or just above; of the sun, when the time is fixed by regarding the sun in connection with points in the horizon, a standing phrase in Icel.; sól á gjáhamri, when the sun is on the crag of the Rift, Grág. i. 26, cp. Glúm. 387; so, brú á á, a bridge on a river, Fms. viii. 179, Hrafn. 20; taka hús á e-m, to surprise one, to take the house over his head, Fms. i. 11.
    III. á is sometimes used in old writers where we should now expect an acc., esp. in the phrase, leggja sverði (or the like) á e-m, or á e-m miðjum, to stab, Eg. 216, Gísl. 106, Band. 14; þá stakk Starkaðr sprotanum á konungi, then Starkad stabbed the king with the wand, Fas. iii. 34; bíta á kampi (vör), to bite the lips, as a token of pain or emotion, Nj. 209, 68; taka á e-u, to touch a thing, lay hold of it, v. taka; fá á e-u, id. (poët.); leggja hendr á (better at) síðum, in wrestling, Fms. x. 331; koma á úvart á e-m, to come on one unawares, ix. 407 (rare).
    B. TEMP. of a particular point or period of time, at, on, in:
    I. gener. denoting during, in the course of; á nótt, degi, nætrþeli …, Bs. i. 139; or spec. adding a pron. or an adject., á næsta sumri, the next summer; á því ári, þingi, misseri, hausti, vári, sumri …, during, in that year …, Bs. i. 679, etc.; á þrem sumrum, in the course of three summers, Grág. i. 218; á þrem várum, Fms. ii. 114; á hálfs mánaðar fresti, within half a month’s delay, Nj. 99; á tvítugs, sextugs … aldri, á barns, gamals aldri, etc., at the age of …, v. aldr: á dögum e-s, in the days of, in his reign or time, Landn. 24, Hrafn. 3, Fms. ix. 229.
    II. used of a fixed recurrent period or season; á várum, sumrum, haustum, vetrum, á kveldum, every spring, summer …, in the evenings, Eg. 711, Fms. i. 23, 25, vi. 394, Landn. 292: with the numeral adverbs, cp. Lat. ter in anno, um sinn á mánuði, ári, once a month, once a year, where the Engl. a is not the article but the preposition, Grág. i. 89.
    III. of duration; á degi, during a whole day, Fms. v. 48; á sjau nóttum, Bárð. 166; á því meli, during that time, in the meantime, Grág. i. 259.
    IV. connected with the seasons (á vetri, sumri, vári, hausti), ‘á’ denotes the next preceding season, the last winter, summer, autumn, Eb. 40, 238, Ld. 206: in such instances ‘á’ denotes the past, ‘at’ the future, ‘í’ the present; thus í vetri in old writers means this winter; á vetri, last winter; at vetri, next winter, Eb. 68 (in a verse), etc.
    C. In various other relations, more or less metaphorically, on, upon, in, to, with, towards, against:
    I. denoting object, in respect of, against, almost periphrastically; dvelja á náðum e-s, under one’s protection, Fms. i. 74; hafa metnað á e-u, to be proud of, to take pride in a thing, 127.
    2. denoting a personal relation, in; bæta e-t á e-m, to make amends, i. e. to one personally; misgöra e-t á e-m, to inflict wrong on one; hafa elsku (hatr) á e-m, to bear love ( hatred) to one, Fms. ix. 242; hefna sín á e-m, to take revenge on one’s person, on anyone; rjúfa sætt á e-m, to break truce on the person of any one, to offend against his person, Nj. 103; hafa sár á sér, 101; sjá á e-m, to read on or in one’s face; sér hann á hverjum manni hvárt til þín er vel eðr illa, 106; var þat brátt auðséð á hennar högum, at …, it could soon be seen in all her doings, that …, Ld. 22.
    3. also generally to shew signs of a thing; sýna fáleika á sér, to shew marks of displeasure, Nj. 14, Fs. 14; taka vel, illa, lítt, á e-u, to take a thing well, ill, or indifferently, id.; finna á sér, to feel in oneself; fann lítt á honum, hvárt …, it could hardly be seen in his face, whether …, Eb. 42; líkindi eru á, it is likely, Ld. 172; göra kost á e-u, to give a choice, chance of it, 178; eiga vald á e-u, to have power over …, Nj. 10.
    II. denoting encumbrance, duty, liability; er fimtardómsmál á þeim, to be subject to …, Nj. 231; the phrase, hafa e-t á hendi, or vera á hendi e-m, on one’s hands, of work or duty to be done; eindagi á fé, term, pay day, Grág. i. 140; ómagi (skylda, afvinna) á fé, of a burden or encumbrance, D. I. and Grág. in several passages.
    III. with a personal pronoun, sér, mér, honum …, denoting personal appearance, temper, character, look, or the like; vera þungr, léttr … á sér, to be heavy or light, either bodily or mentally; þungr á sér, corpulent, Sturl. i. 112; kátr ok léttr á sér, of a gay and light temper, Fms. x. 152; þat bragð hafði hann á sér, he looked as if, … the expression of his face was as though …, Ld., cp. the mod. phrase, hafa á sér svip, bragð, æði, sið, of one’s manner or personal appearance, to bear oneself as, or the like; skjótr (seinn) á fæti, speedy ( slow) of foot, Nj. 258.
    IV. as a periphrasis of the possessive pronoun connected with the limbs or parts of the body. In common Icel. such phrases as my hands, eyes, head … are hardly ever used, but höfuð, eyru, hár, nef, munnr, hendr, fætr … á mér; so ‘í’ is used of the internal parts, e. g. hjarta, bein … í mér; the eyes are regarded as inside the body, augun í honum: also without the possessive pronoun, or as a periphrasis for a genitive, brjóstið á e-m, one’s breast, Nj. 95, Edda 15; súrnar í augum, it smarts in my eyes, my eyes smart, Nj. 202; kviðinn á sér, its belly, 655 xxx. 5, Fms. vi. 350; hendr á henni, her hands, Gísl. (in a verse); í vörunum á honum, on his lips, Band. 14; ristin á honum, his step, Fms. viii. 141; harðr í tungu, sharp of tongue, Hallfred (Fs. 114); kalt (heitt) á fingrum, höndum, fótum …, cold ( warm) in the fingers, hands, feet …, i. e. with cold fingers, etc.; cp. also the phrase, verða vísa (orð) á munni, of extemporising verses or speeches, freq. in the Sagas; fastr á fótum, fast by the leg, of a bondsman, Nj. 27: of the whole body, díla fundu þeir á honum, 209. The pers. pron. is used only in solemn style (poetry, hymns, the Bible), and perhaps only when influenced by foreign languages, e. g. mitt hjarta hví svo hryggist þú, as a translation of ‘warumb betrübst du dich mein Herz?’ the famous hymn by Hans Sachs; instead of the popular hjartað í mér, Sl. 43, 44: hjartað mitt is only used as a term of endearment, as by a husband to his wife, parents to their child, or the like, in a metaphorical sense; the heart proper is ‘í mér,’ not ‘mitt.’
    2. of other things, and as a periphrasis of a genitive, of a part belonging to the whole, e. g. dyrr á husi = húsdyrr, at the house-doors; turn á kirkju = kirkju turn; stafn, skutr, segl, árar … á skipi, the stem, stern, sail … of a ship, Fms. ix. 135; blöð á lauk, á tré …, leaves of a leek, of a tree …, Fas. i. 469; egg á sverði = sverðs egg; stafr á bók; kjölr á bók, and in endless other instances.
    V. denoting instrumentality, by, on, or a-, by means of; afla fjár á hólmgöngum, to make money a-duelling, by means of duels, Eg. 498; á verkum sínum, to subsist on one’s own work, Njarð. 366: as a law term, sekjast á e-ju, to be convicted upon …, Grág. i. 123; sekst maðr þar á sínu eigini ( a man is guilty in re sua), ef hann tekr af þeim manni er heimild ( possessio) hefir til, ii. 191; falla á verkum sínum, to be killed flagranti delicto, v. above; fella e-n á bragði, by a sleight in wrestling; komast undan á flótta, to escape by flight, Eg. 11; á hlaupi, by one’s feet, by speed, Hkr. ii. 168; lifa á e-u, to feed on; bergja á e-u, to taste of a thing; svala sér á e-u, to quench the thirst on.
    VI. with subst. numerals; á þriðja tigi manna, up to thirty, i. e. from about twenty to thirty, Ld. 194; á öðru hundraði skipa, from one to two hundred sail strong, Fms. x. 126; á níunda tigi, between eighty and ninety years of age, Eg. 764, v. above: used as prep., á hendi, on one’s hand, i. e. bound to do it, v. hönd.
    VII. in more or less adverbial phrases it may often be translated in Engl. by a participle and a- prefixed; á lopti, aloft; á floti, afloat; á lífi, alive; á verðgangi, a-begging; á brautu, away; á baki, a-back, behind, past; á milli, a-tween; á laun, alone, secretly; á launungu, id.; á móti, against; á enda, at an end, gone; á huldu, hidden; fara á hæli, to go a-heel, i. e. backwards, Fms. vii. 70;—but in many cases these phrases are transl. by the Engl. partic. with a, which is then perh. a mere prefix, not a prep., á flugi, a-flying in the air, Nj. 79; vera á gangi, a-going; á ferli, to be about; á leiki, a-playing, Fms. i. 78; á sundi, a-swimming, ii. 27; á verði, a-watching, x. 201; á hrakningi, a-wandering; á reiki, a-wavering; á skjálfi, a-shivering; á-hleri, a-listening; á tali, a-talking, Ísl. ii. 200; á hlaupi, a-running, Hkr. ii. 268; á verki, a-working; á veiðum, a-hunting; á fiski, a-fishing; á beit, grazing: and as a law term it even means in flagranti, N. G. L. i. 348.
    VIII. used absolutely without a case in reference to the air or the weather, where ‘á’ is almost redundant; þoka var á mikil, a thick fog came on, Nj. 267; niðamyrkr var á, pitch darkness came on, Eg. 210; allhvast á norðan, a very strong breeze from the north, Fms. ix. 20; þá var á norðrænt, a north wind came on, 42, Ld. 56; hvaðan sem á er, from whatever point the wind is; var á hríð veðrs, a snow storm came on, Nj. 282; görði á regn, rain came on, Fms. vi. 394, xi. 35, Ld. 156.
    WITH ACC.
    A. Loc.
    I. denoting simple direction towards, esp. connected with verbs of motion, going, or the like; hann gékk á bergsnös, Eg. 389; á hamar, Fas. ii. 517.
    2. in phrases denoting direction; liggja á útborða, lying on the outside of the ship, Eg. 354; á annat borð skipinu, Fms. vii. 260; á bæði borð, on both sides of the ship, Nj. 124, Ld. 56; á tvær hliðar, on both sides, Fms. v. 73. Ísl. ii. 159; á hlið, sidewards; út á hlið, Nj. 262, Edda 44; á aðra hönd henni, Nj. 50, Ld. 46; höggva á tvær hendr, to hew or strike right and left, Ísl. ii. 368, Fas. i. 384, Fms. viii. 363, x. 383.
    3. upp á, upon; hann tók augu Þjaza ok kastaði upp á himin, Edda 47: with verbs denoting to look, see, horfa, sjá, líta, etc.; hann rak skygnur á land, he cast glances towards the land, Ld. 154.
    II. denoting direction with or without the idea of arriving:
    1. with verbs denoting to aim at; of a blow or thrust, stefna á fótinn, Nj. 84; spjótið stefnir á hann miðjan, 205: of the wind, gékk veðrit á vestr, the wind veered to west, Fms. ix. 28; sigla á haf, to stand out to sea, Hkr. i. 146, Fms. i. 39: with ‘út’ added, Eg. 390, Fms. x. 349.
    2. conveying the notion of arriving, or the intervening space being traversed; spjótið kom á miðjan skjöldinn, Eg. 379, Nj. 96, 97; langt upp á land, far up inland, Hkr. i. 146: to reach, taka ofan á belti, of the long locks of a woman, to reach down to the belt, Nj. 2; ofan á bringu, 48; á þa ofan, 91.
    III. without reference to the space traversed, connected with verbs denoting to go, turn, come, ride, sail, throw, or the like, motion of every kind; hann kastar honum á völlinn, he flings him down, Nj. 91; hlaupa á skip sitt, to leap on board his ship, 43; á hest, to mount quickly, Edda 75; á lend hestinum, Nj. 91; hann gengr á sáðland sitt, he walks on to his fields, 82: on, upon, komast á fætr, to get upon one’s legs, 92; ganga á land, to go a-shore, Fms. i. 40; ganga á þing, vii. 242, Grág. (often); á skóg, á merkr ok skóga, into a wood, Fb. i. 134, 257, Fms. xi. 118, Eg. 577, Nj. 130; fara á Finnmörk, to go travelling in Finmark, Fms. i. 8; koma, fara á bæ, to arrive at the farm-house; koma á veginn, Eg. 578; stíga á bát, skip, to go on board, 158; hann gékk upp á borg, he went up to the burg (castle), 717; en er þeir komu á loptriðið, 236; hrinda skipum á vatn, to float the ships down into the water, Fms. i. 58; reka austr á haf, to drift eastwards on the sea, x. 145; ríða ofan á, to ride down or over, Nj. 82.
    IV. in some cases the acc. is used where the dat. would be used, esp. with verbs denoting to see or hear, in such phrases as, þeir sá boða mikinn inn á fjörðinn, they saw great breakers away up in the bight of the firth, the acc. being due perhaps to a motion or direction of the eye or ear towards the object, Nj. 124; sá þeir fólkit á land, they saw the people in the direction of land, Fas. ii. 517: in phrases denoting to be placed, to sit, to be seated, the seat or bench is freq. in the acc. where the dat. would now be used; konungr var þar á land upp, the king was then up the country, the spectator or narrator is conceived as looking from the shore or sea-side, Nj. 46; sitja á miðjan bekk, to be seated on the middle bench, 50; skyldi konungs sæti vera á þann bekk … annat öndvegi var á hinn úæðra pall; hann setti konungs hásæti á miðjan þverpall, Fms. vi. 439, 440, cp. Fagrsk. l. c., Sturl. iii. 182; eru víða fjallbygðir upp á mörkina, in the mark or forest, Eg. 58; var þar mörk mikil á land upp, 229; mannsafnaðr er á land upp (viewed from the sea), Ld. 76; stóll var settr á mótið, Fas. i. 58; beiða fars á skip, to beg a passage, Grág. i. 90.
    V. denoting parts of the body; bíta e-n á barka, to bite one in the throat, Ísl. ii. 447; skera á háls, to cut the throat of any one, Nj. 156; brjóta e-n á háls, to break any one’s neck; brjóta e-n á bak, to break any one’s back, Fms. vii. 119; kalinn á kné, frozen to the knees with cold, Hm. 3.
    VI. denoting round; láta reipi á háls hesti, round his horse’s neck, 623. 33; leggja söðul á hest, Nj. 83; and ellipt., leggja á, to saddle; breiða feld á hofuð sér, to wrap a cloak over his head, 164; reyta á sik mosa, to gather moss to cover oneself with, 267; spenna hring á hönd, á fingr, Eg. 300.
    VII. denoting a burden; stela mat á tvá hesta, hey á fimtán hesta, i. e. a two, a fifteen horse load, Nj. 74: metaph., kjósa feigð á menn, to choose death upon them, i. e. doom them to death, Edda 22.
    B. TEMP.
    I. of a period of time, at, to; á morgun, to-morrow (í morgun now means the past morning, the morning of to-day), Ísl. ii. 333.
    II. if connected with the word day, ‘á’ is now used before a fixed or marked day, a day of the week, a feast day, or the like; á Laugardag, á Sunnudag …, on Saturday, Sunday, the Old Engl. a-Sunday, a-Monday, etc.; á Jóladaginn, Páskadaginn, on Yule and Easter-day; but in old writers more often used ellipt. Sunnudaginn, Jóladaginn …, by dropping the prep. ‘á,’ Fms. viii. 397, Grág. i. 18.
    III. connected with ‘dagr’ with the definite article suffixed, ‘á’ denotes a fixed, recurring period or season, in; á daginn, during the day-time, every day in turn, Grett. 91 A.
    IV. connected with ‘evening, morning, the seasons,’ with the article; á kveldit, every evening, Ld. 14; á sumarit, every summer, Vd. 128, where the new Ed. Fs. 51 reads sumrum; á haust, every autumn, Eg. 741 (perh. a misprint instead of á haustin or á haustum); á vetrinn, in the winter time, 710; á várit, every spring, Gþl. 347; the sing., however, is very rare in such cases, the old as well as mod. usage prefers the plur.; á nætrnar, by night, Nj. 210; á várin, Eg. 710; á sumrin, haustin, á morgnana, in the morning (á morgin, sing., means to-morrow); á kveldin, in the evening, only ‘dagr’ is used in sing., v. above (á daginn, not á dagana); but elliptically and by dropping the article, Icelanders say, kveld og morgna, nótt og dag, vetr sumar vor og haust, in the same sense as those above mentioned.
    V. denoting duration, the article is dropped in the negative phrase, aldri á sinn dag, never during one’s life; aldri á mína daga, never in my life, Bjarn. 8, where a possess. pron. is put between noun and prep., but this phrase is very rare. Such phrases as, á þann dag, that day, and á þenna dag, Stj. 12, 655 xxx. 2. 20, are unclassical.
    VI. á dag without article can only be used in a distributive sense, e. g. tvisvar á dag, twice a-day; this use is at present freq. in Icel., yet instances from old writers are not on record.
    VII. denoting a movement onward in time, such as, liðið á nótt, dag, kveld, morgun, sumar, vetr, vár, haust (or nóttina, daginn …), jól, páska, föstu, or the like, far on in the night, day …, Edda 33; er á leið vetrinn, when the winter was well on, as the winter wore on, Nj. 126; cp. áliðinn: also in the phrase, hniginn á inn efra aldr, well stricken in years, Ld. 68.
    C. Metaph. and in various relations:
    I. somewhat metaphorically, denoting an act only (not the place); fara á fund, á vit e-s, to call for one, Eg. 140; koma á ræðu við e-n, to come to a parley with, to speak, 173; ganga á tal, Nj. 103; skora á hólm, to challenge to a duel on an island; koma á grið, to enter into a service, to be domiciled, Grág. i. 151; fara á veiðar, to go a-hunting, Fms. i. 8.
    β. generally denoting on, upon, in, to; bjóða vöxtu á féit, to offer interest on the money, Grág. i. 198; ganga á berhögg, to come to blows, v. berhögg; fá á e-n, to make an impression upon one, Nj. 79; ganga á vápn e-s, to throw oneself on an enemy’s weapon, meet him face to face, Rd. 310; ganga á lagið, to press on up the spear-shaft after it has passed through one so as to get near one’s foe, i. e. to avail oneself of the last chance; bera fé á e-n, to bribe, Nj. 62; bera öl á e-n, to make drunk, Fas. i. 13; snúinn á e-t, inclined to, Fms. x. 142; sammælast á e-t, to agree upon, Nj. 86; sættast, verða sáttr á e-t, in the same sense, to come to an agreement, settlement, or atonement, 78, Edda 15, Eb. 288, Ld. 50, Fms. i. 279; ganga á mála, to serve for pay as a soldier, Nj. 121; ganga á vald e-s, to put oneself in his power, 267; ganga á sætt, to break an agreement; vega á veittar trygðir, to break truce, Grág. ii. 169.
    II. denoting in regard to, in respect to:
    1. of colour, complexion, the hue of the hair, or the like; hvítr, jarpr, dökkr … á hár, having white, brown, or dark … hair, Ísl. ii. 190, Nj. 39; svartr á brún ok brá, dark of brow and eyebrow; dökkr á hörund, id., etc.
    2. denoting skill, dexterity; hagr á tré, a good carpenter; hagr á járn, málm, smíðar …, an expert worker in iron, metals …, Eg. 4; fimr á boga, good at the bow: also used of mastership in science or arts, meistari á hörpuslátt, a master in striking the harp, Fas. iii. 220; fræðimaðr á kvæði, knowing many poems by heart, Fms. vi. 391; fræðimaðr á landnámssögur ok forna fræði, a learned scholar in histories and antiquities (of Are Frode), Ísl. ii. 189; mikill á íþrótt, skilful in an art, Edda (pref.) 148; but dat. in the phrase, kunna (vel) á skíðum, to be a cunning skater, Fms. i. 9, vii. 120.
    3. denoting dimensions; á hæð, lengd, breidd, dýpt …, in the heighth, length, breadth, depth …, Eg. 277; á hvern veg, on each side, Edda 41 (square miles); á annan veg, on the one side, Grág. i. 89.
    β. the phrase, á sik, in regard to oneself, vel (illa) á sik kominn, of a fine ( ugly) appearance, Ld. 100, Fas. iii. 74.
    III. denoting instrumentality; bjargast á sínar hendr, to live on the work of one’s own hands, (á sínar spýtur is a mod. phrase in the same sense); (vega) á skálir, pundara, to weigh in scales, Grág. ii. 370; at hann hefði tvá pundara, ok hefði á hinn meira keypt en á hinn minna selt, of a man using two scales, a big one for buying and a little one for selling, Sturl. i. 91; á sinn kostnað, at one’s own expense; nefna e-n á nafn, by name, Grág. i. 17, etc. The Icel. also say, spinna á rokk, snældu, to spin on or with a rock or distaff; mala á kvern, to grind in a ‘querne,’ where Edda 73 uses dat.; esp. of musical instruments, syngja, leika á hljóðfæri, hörpu, gígju …; in the old usage, leika hörpu …, Stj. 458.
    IV. denoting the manner or way of doing:
    1. á þessa lund, in this wise, Grág. ii. 22; á marga vega, á alla, ymsa vega, in many, all, respects, Fms. i. 114; á sitt hóf, in its turn, respectively, Ld. 136, where the context shews that the expression answers to the Lat. mutatis mutandis; á Þýðersku, after German fashion, Sks. 288.
    2. esp. of language; mæla, rita á e-a tungu, to speak, write in a tongue; á Írsku, in Irish, Ld. 76; Norrænu, in Norse, Eb. 330, Vm. 35; a Danska tungu, in Danish, i. e. Scandinavian, Norse, or Icelandic, Grág. i. 18; á Vára tungu, i. e. in Icelandic, 181; rita á Norræna tungu, to write in Norse, Hkr. (pref.), Bs. i. 59:—at present, dat. is sometimes used.
    3. in some phrases the acc. is used instead of the dat.; hann sýndi á sik mikit gaman, Fms. x. 329; hann lét ekki á sik finna, he shewed no sign of motion, Nj. 111; skaltú önga fáleika á þik gera (Cod. Kalf.), 14.
    V. used in a distributive sense; skal mörk kaupa gæzlu á kú, eðr oxa fim vetra gamlan, a mark for every cow, Grág. i. 147; alin á hvert hross, 442; á mann, per man (now freq.): cp. also á dag above, lit. B.
    VI. connected with nouns,
    1. prepositional; á hendr (with dat.), against; á hæla, at heel, close behind; á bak, at back, i. e. past, after; á vit (with gen.), towards.
    2. adverbially; á braut, away, abroad; á víxl, in turns; á mis, amiss; á víð ok dreif, a-wide and a-drift, i. e. dispersedly.
    3. used almost redundantly before the following prep.; á eptir, after, behind; á undan, in front of; á meðal, á milli, among; á mót, against; á við, about, alike; á frá (cp. Swed. ifrån), from (rare); á fyrir = fyrir, Haustl. 1; á hjá, beside (rare); á fram, a-head, forwards; á samt, together; ávalt = of allt, always: following a prep., upp á, upon; niðr á, down upon; ofan á, eptir á, post eventum, (temp.) á eptir is loc., id., etc.
    VII. connected with many transitive verbs, answering to the Lat. ad- or in-, in composition, in many cases periphrastically for an objective case. The prep. generally follows after the verb, instead of being prefixed to it as in Lat., and answers to the Engl. on, to; heita kalla, hrópa á, to call on; heyra, hlusta, hlyða á, to hearken to, listen to; hyggja, hugsa á, to think on; minna á, to remind; sjá, líta, horfa, stara, mæna, glápa, koma auga … á, to look on; girnast á, to wish for; trúa á, to believe on; skora á, to call on any one to come out, challenge; kæra á, to accuse; heilsa á, to greet; herja, ganga, ríða, hlaupa, ráða … á, to fall on, attack, cp. ágangr, áreið, áhlaup; ljúga á, to tell lies of, to slander; telja á, to carp at; ausa, tala, hella, kasta, verpa … á, to pour, throw on; ríða, bera, dreifa á, to sprinkle on; vanta, skorta á, to fall short of; ala á, to plead, beg; leggja á, to throw a spell on, lay a saddle on; hætta á, to venture on; gizka á, to guess at; kveða á, to fix on, etc.: in a reciprocal sense, haldast á, of mutual strife; sendast á, to exchange presents; skrifast á, to correspond (mod.); kallast á, to shout mutually; standast á, to coincide, so as to be just opposite one another, etc.
    2.
    f. [Lat. aqua; Goth. ahva; Hel. aha; A. S. eâ; O. H. G. aha, owa; cp. Germ. ach and aue; Fr. eau, eaux; Engl. Ax-, Ex-, etc., in names of places; Swed.-Dan. å; the Scandinavians absorb the hu, so that only a single vowel or diphthong remains of the whole word]:—a river. The old form in nom. dat. acc. sing. is , v. the introduction to A, page 1, Bs. i. 333 sq., where ́n, ́ (acc.), and ́na; so also Greg. 677; the old fragm. of Grág. ii. 222, 223, new Ed. In the Kb. of the Edda the old form occurs twice, viz. page 75, ́na (acc.), (but two lines below, ána), í ́nni (dat.) The old form also repeatedly occurs in the Kb. and Sb. of the Grág., e. g. ii. 266, 267: gen. sing. ár; nom. pl. ár, gen. á contracted, dat. ám, obsolete form ́m; Edda 43, Eg. 80, 99, 133, 185: proverbs, at ósi skal á stemma, answering to the Lat. principiis obsta, Edda 60; hér kemr á til sæfar, here the river runs into the sea, metaph. = this is the very end, seems to have been a favourite ending of old poems; it is recorded in the Húsdrápa and the Norðsetadrápa, v. Edda 96, Skálda 198; cp. the common saying, oil vötn renna til sævar, ‘all waters run into the sea.’ Rivers with glacier water are in Icel. called Hvítá, White river, or Jökulsá: Hitá, Hot river, from a hot spring, opp. to Kaldá, v. Landn.: others take a name from the fish in them, as Laxá, Lax or Salmon river (freq.); Örriða á, etc.: a tributary river is þverá, etc.: ár in the Njála often means the great rivers Ölfusá and Þjórsá in the south of Iceland. Áin helga, a river in Sweden, Hkr. ii: á is also suffixed to the names of foreign rivers, Tempsá = Thames; Dóná, Danube (Germ. Don-au), (mod.), etc. Vide Edda (Gl.) 116, 117, containing the names of over a hundred North-English and Scottish rivers.
    COMPDS: áráll, árbakki, árbrot, ardjúp, árfarvegr, árfors, árgljúfr, árhlutr, ármegin, árminni, ármót, áróss, árreki, árstraumr, árströnd, árvað, árvegr, árvöxtr.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > Á

  • 16 bágr

    I)
    a. uneasy, awkward (verðr honum nú bág höndin); bágt var mjök um matbjargir, provisions were very scarce.
    m. contest, resistance, in such phrases as, brjóta bág við e-n, to contend against, offer resistance to; fór í bág með þeim, a conflict arose between them; they quarrelled.
    * * *
    1.
    adj. uneasy; honum verðr bag höndin, Fas. iii. 370: eiga bágt is now in Icel. to be poor, bard up: bag-staddr, adj. distressed.
    2.
    m. [cp. Hel. bâgan = contendere, and Icel. bægja below], contest, strife, in such phrases as, fara í bag, to come athwart; for í bag með þeim, they came a cross, Bjarn. 28; í bága (pl.), Bs. i. 622; brjóta bag við e-m, to make a struggle against, Al. 49; Páll postuli braut þar helzt bag við ávalt er öðrum þótti torveldast, Post. 656 C. 24, Fms. viii. 42; koma í bága við, to come intostrife or collision with.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > bágr

  • 17 belta-dráttr

    m. a game, two boxers tied together with one girdle, also in use in Sweden: hence a close struggle, Fms. viii. 181.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > belta-dráttr

  • 18 BROT

    * * *
    n.
    1) breaking (cf. skipbrot); sigla til brots, to run ashore under full sail;
    2) Fragment, broken piece;
    3) fracture (beinbrot);
    5) lever;
    6) spasm, convulsion, falla í brot, to have an epileptic fit.
    * * *
    n. [brjóta, cp. O. H. G. broti = fragilitas], gener. a broken piece, fragment:
    1. esp. in pl., gimsteina brot, 623. 20, 544. 39; brota-silfr, old silver broken to be recast; nú eru tekin Grásíðu brot, Gísl. 18; gullhringrinn stökk í tvá hluti, ok þá er ek hugða at brotunum …, Ld. 126; trogs brotin, 655 xxi; brutu bar í Víkinni ok ætluðu at göra sér skip ór brotunum (a wrecked ship), Grett. 88: in the compds um-brot, fjör-brot, a hard struggle, convulsions, agony; land-brot, desolation of land by sea or rivers.
    2. metaph. only in pl. violation; lagabrot, breach of law; mis-brot, af-brot, transgression, freq. in theol. writers: arithm. fractions; tuga-brot, decimals, etc.
    3. sing. breaking, bein-brot, q. v.; sigla til brots, to run ashore under full sail, Eg. 405 (skips-brot); cp. haugs-brot, hrygg-brot.
    β. a fragment; sögu-brot, the fragment of a tale, story; bókar-brot, the fragment of a MS. and the like.
    γ. a shallow place in a river, a firth, where the stream breaks and widens, Grág. ii. 346.
    δ. medic. in the phrase, falla brot, to have an epileptic fit; for the etymology see brotfall below: it is not qs. braut ( away) because it is constantly spelt with an o, even in MSS. that give ‘braut’ constantly, e. g. the Miracle-book, Bs. i. 332–356; hann féll í brot, ok vissi þá ekki til sín löngum, 335, 336: a skin eruption (út-brot).
    ε. a sort of sledge of felled trees = broti; lét hann þá færa undir hann brot (a lever?) ok við þetta kómu þeir honum upp ór dysinni, Eb. 315, Mar. 89 (Fr.)

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > BROT

  • 19 dauða-stríð

    n. the death-struggle.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > dauða-stríð

  • 20 DEILA

    * * *
    I)
    (-da, -dr), v.
    sú á, er deilir með jötna sonum grund ok með goðum, that river which parts the giants and the gods;
    alit þat land, er vatnsföll deila til sjófar, of which the rivers form the boundaries down to the sea;
    vildi H. bæði kjósa ok deila, H. would both choose and deal (viz. divide the catch in shares and choose for himself the share he liked best);
    láta en kjósa ok deila, to give one an arbitrary power in a case;
    with dat. (hversu má keisarinn deila sér í tvá staði);
    2) to deal out, apportion, allot;
    deila dögurð, mat á málum, to deal out portions of food in a household;
    deila víg með verum, to deal victory fairly among men;
    3) to distinguish, discern, = greina;
    eptir þat sá sól ok mátti þá deila ættir, they could then discern the quarters of heaven;
    deila liti, to discern colours;
    eigi deilir litr kosti (acc. pl.), colour is no sure test of the quality;
    4) to busy or occupy oneself with, deal with (engi maðr á önnur mál at deila í kirkju, nema biðja fyrir sér);
    hann við Ríg rúnar deildi, he capped ritnes (spells) with R.;
    deila orðspeki við e-n, to contend in learning with one;
    þótt hringbrotar heiptir deili, though men hate one another;
    deila kníf ok kjötstykki, to share knife and meat;
    5) deila við e-n, to quarrel with one (deila við heimska hali);
    deili gröm við þik, may the fiends bandy words with thee;
    deila um e-t, to quarrel, contest about;
    þeir deildu um (they have a lawsuit about) jarðir;
    deila á e-n, to contend against one;
    deila illyrðum, illdeildum, to chide, abuse one another;
    deila afli, ofríki, við e-n, to deal harshly and overbearingly with one;
    impers., ef í þat deilir, if there be dissent on that point;
    ef í deilir með þeim, if they disagree;
    6) to be master of, possess (deila bauga, fé);
    þar er munuð deilir, when love is concerned, in a matter of love;
    7) refl., deilast, to spread, branch off (svá viða sem kristni deilist um heim);
    meðan mér deilist lífit til, as long, as life is granted me;
    deilast at e-u, to disagree about a thing.
    f. disagreement, contest;
    eiga, halda, deilu við e-n, to quarrel or contend with one.
    * * *
    d, [Goth. dailjan and ga-dailjan = μερίζειν, μεταδιδόναι, διαιρεθν, etc.; A. S. dælan; Engl. to deal; Germ. theilen; O. H. G. tailjan; Swed. dela; Dan. dele.]
    I. with acc. (never dat.), to deal, divide; the phrase, vilja bæði kjósa ok deila, will both choose and deal, of unfair dealing, a metaphor taken from partners, e. g. fishermen, where one makes the division into shares (deilir), and the others choose (kjósa) the shares they like best, Ld. 38; deildr hlutr, a dealt lot. i. e. share dealt or allotted to one, Grág. i. 243; d. e-m e-t, to allot one a thing, to deal out to one, ii. 294: deila dögurð, d. mat (in mod. usage skamta), to deal out portions of food in a household, Ísl. ii. 337; sér at þar var manni matr deildr, Gísl. 47; þú kunnir aldregi d. mönnum mat, Ls. 46: þá er maðr á brot heitinn ef honum er eigi deildr matr á malum, Grág. i. 149; cp. the proverb, djarfr er hver inn deildan verð; d. fé, Skm. 22; d. bauga, Rm. 20; d. e-t út, to deal out, give, Fms. xi. 434.
    2. of places, to divide, bound; fírðir deila, the firths are the boundaries, Grág. ii. 217; vatnsföll ( rivers) d. til sjávar. Eg. 131: sva vítt sem vatnsföll deila til sjávar, Landn. 57. K. Þ. K. 34.
    β. used impers. as it seems; deilir norðr vatnsföllum, Ísl. ii. 345; fjöll þau er vatnsföll deilir af milli héraða, the fells that divide the waters, form the water-shed, between the counties, Grág. i. 432; þar er víkr deilir, Hlt.
    3. metaph. to distinguish, discern; eptir þat sá sól, ok máttu þá d. ættir, after that the sun broke forth, and they could discern the airts (of heaven), Fb. i. 431, Fms. iv. 38; deila liti, to discern colours (lit-deili), hence the proverb, eigi deilir litr kosti (acc. pl.), colour (i. e. look, appearance) is no sure test, Nj. 78: metaph., d. víg, to act as umpire in a fight, tourney, or the like, Ls. 22: we ought perh. to read deila (not bera) tilt með tveim, 38.
    4. various phrases, deila sér illan hlut af, to deal onself a had share in, to deal badly in a thing, Ld. 152: the phrase, e-t deilir máli (impers.), it goes for a great deal, is of great importance, Hs. 65, mod. usage skipta máli, miklu, etc.: d. mál, to deal with a thing, Hom. 34; d. mál e-s, to deal speech, to discuss or confer with one, Ó. H. 82 (in a verse): d. e-n málum, to deal, i. e. speak, confer, with one, Krók. 36 C: d. orðspeki við e-n, to deal, i. e. contend in learning with one, Vþm. 55; rúnar, Rm. 42; eiga við e-t at d., to have to deal with a thing, Fms. viii. 288: the phrase, d. mál brotum, to deal piecemeal with a case, take a partial or false view of a thing, or is the metaphor taken from bad payment (in bauga-brot, q. v.)? Eb. 184; þeir hafa eigi deilt þetta mál brotum, i. e. they have done it thoroughly, have not been mistaken, Konr. 52: to share in a thing, d. kníf ok kjötstykki, to share knife and meat, Grág., Ísl. ii. 487: the phrase, d. hug, to ‘deal one’s mind,’ pay attention to, with a notion of deep concern and affliction; heil vertú Sváfa, hug skaltú d., thy heart shall thou cleave, Hkv. Hjörv. 40: deildusk hugir, svá at huskarlar héldu varla vatni, their minds were so distraught, that the house-carles could hardly forbear weeping, Fms. vi. (in a verse); hence a hardened man is called lítill skapdeildar maðr, (Hugdeila, mind’s concern, is the name of a poem of the 17th century): at þeir deildi enga úhæfu, that they should forbear dealing outrageously, Fms. i. 22; d. heiptir, to deal hatred, to hate (poët.), Hkv. 41: d. afli, ofríki við e-n, to deal harshly and overbearingly with one. Fms. i. 34; d. illyrðum, ill-deildum, to chide, abuse one another, Háv. 37, Ld. 158.
    II. neut. to be at feud, quarrel; the saying, sjaldan veldr einn þegar tveir deila; deili gröm við þig, Hkv. I. 43; ek bað flögð d. við þau, Sighvat: d. til e-s, to quarrel for a thing, Eg. 510: d. upp á e-n, to complain of one, Stj. 294. Exod. xvii. 2, ‘Why chide ye with me?’
    β. impers., ef í þat deilir, if there be dissent on that point, Grág. ii. 125; ef í deilir með þeim, if they dissent, i. 58.
    2. d. um e-t, to contend about a thing, as a law term; þeir deildu ( they had a lawsuit) um jarðir, Fms. iv. 201; þeir deildu um landaskipti, 315; þeir deildu um land þat er var …, Landn. 125; þeir deildu um leysingja-arf, 100, 101: metaph., d. um stafn, to come to a close fight, Orkn. 232.
    III. reflex. to spread, branch off; vatnsföll deilask milli héraða, Grág. ii. 218; svá víða sem hón (i. e. Christianity) deilisk um heim, Hom. 49.
    2. meðan mér deilisk lífit til, as long as life be dealt (i. e. granted) me, Fms, viii. 205; e-t deilisk af, a thing comes to pass, Hkr. iii. 55 (in a verse); kölluðu þeir, at lengi mundi vörn deilask af úti, that a long defence would be dealt out, i. e. there would be a long struggle, Sturl. i. 59, cp. the Goth. afdailjan = to pay off; hugr deilisk (vide above): þat mun oss drjúgt deilask, it will cost us dear, Am. 19.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > DEILA

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